Recurrencia clínica en pacientes con puentes secuenciales en cirugía de revascularización coronaria / Clinical recurrence in patients with sequential bridges in coronary artery bypass grafting

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar las tasas de recurrencia de revascularización coronaria (cirugía o intervención coronaria percutánea), nuevo evento isquémico o muerte en pacientes con puentes secuenciales y con puentes simples. Método: Cohortes ambispectivas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización coronaria secuencial (n = 111) o simple (n = 145) entre el 1 de enero de 2013 y el 31 de diciembre de 2017. Pacientes mayores de 18 años en un primer procedimiento de revascularización, con circulación extracorpórea. Para el seguimiento se realizó revisión del expediente o comunicación telefónica hasta el 9 de febrero de 2019. Se investigaron los siguientes desenlaces: reintervención por isquemia coronaria, nuevo evento isquémico documentado o muerte atribuida a cardiopatía isquémica; también se obtuvieron curvas de sobrevida. Resultados: La proporción de recurrencia según la técnica quirúrgica no fue estadísticamente diferente: secuencial 6.5% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.6-12.6%) contra simple 4.8% (IC95%: 2-9.7%; p = 0.60; análisis bayesiano BF10 = 0.37; evidencia moderada a no diferencia), todos por nuevo evento isquémico y un fallecimiento por grupo. No hubo diferencias en el tiempo de seguimiento: secuencial 59 meses (IC95%: 56-62) y simple 66 meses (IC95%: 64-68). No encontramos diferencia en las tasas de incidencia de recurrencia: secuencial 1.99 eventos/103 meses-paciente contra simple 1.47 (hazard ratio: 1.34; IC95%: 0.47-3.8; p = 0.58). El tiempo promedio de pinzamiento y de circulación extracorpórea por puente fue menor en el grupo de puentes combinados (41.44 minutos de circulación extracorpórea y 24.69 minutos de pinzamiento/puente) que en el de puentes simples (43 minutos en circulación extracorpórea y 26.4 minutos de pinzamiento/puente) cuando se ajusta al promedio de puentes colocados (simples 2.7 y secuencial 3.25; p < 0.001); sin embargo, no se encontró significancia estadística (p = 0.7). Conclusión: Ambos procedimientos tuvieron una baja incidencia de recurrencia de eventos clínicos, sin diferencias entre las técnicas quirúrgicas.

Abstract Objective: To compare the recurrence rates of revascularization (redo CABG or PCI), new ischemic event or death in patients with simple grafts and patients with sequential grafts. Method: Study design is an ambispective cohort of patients that underwent CABG by sequential grafting (n = 111) or simple grafting (n = 145) between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2017. Patients had to be 18 years old at the time of surgery, undergoing their first on-pump CABG. The clinical record of every patient was carefully reviewed and patients who had incomplete follow-up in external consultation were contacted by telephone in order to obtain data about ischemia related reintervention (CABG or PCI), new documented ischemic event or death caused by coronary artery disease, Kaplan-Meier estimators were calculated. Results: The proportion of recurrence depending on technique was not statistically different: sequential (6.5% [CI95% 2.6-12.6%] versus simple 4.8% [CI95% 2-9.7%], p = 0.60, Bayesian analysis BF10 = 0.37; moderate evidence to no difference), each one related to new ischemic event and one death per group. There were no differences in follow-up time (sequential 59m [CI95% 56-62] simple 66m [CI95% 64-68]). No difference was found regarding recurrence incidence rates; sequential 1.99 events x 103 months-patient, versus simple 1.47 (HR=1.34; CI95% 0.47-3.8, p = 0.58). Pump and cross-clamping times were lower for sequential technique (41.44 min; 24.69 min respectively) versus simple technique (43 min; 26.4 min respectively) with a p = 0.7 after adjusting to mean grafts per surgery (2.7 simple; 3.25 sequential, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Both techniques had a low incidence of clinical recurrence, without significant differences between procedures.

Human pilot study of bare-metal stent: INC-01

ABSTRACT Background: The cost of performing a percutaneous coronary intervention is considerably high for the patient as well as for health systems, which have promoted the development of local technology to help meet the need for these devices. Methods: The INC-01 bare-metal stent was developed at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City and was first implanted on porcine models with technical success in 100% of the evaluated parameters. Presentation of Cases: We present the first three cases of patients with ischemic heart disease, to whom the INC-01 bare-metal stent was implanted. Intracoronary ultrasonography was performed post-stent implantation, showing all the characteristics of implant success during evaluation and clinical follow-up. Conclusions: Angiography and intracoronary ultrasound were carried out demonstrating that the INC-01 bare-metal stent has physical, biological, and histological characteristics similar to those found in commercial metallic stents.

Patency of individual and sequential coronary artery bypass in patients with ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the patency of individual and sequential coronary artery bypass in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica Database, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for controlled trials. Endpoints included graft patency, anastomosis patency, occluded rates in left anterior descending (LAD) system and right coronary artery (RCA) system, in-hospital mortality, and follow-up mortality. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to assess the relative data. Results: Nine cohorts, including 7100 patients and 1440 grafts under individual or sequential coronary artery bypass. There were no significant differences between individual and sequential coronary artery bypass in the graft patency (RR=0.96; 95% CI=0.91-1.02; P=0.16; I2=87%), anastomosis patency (RR=0.95; 95% CI=0.91-1.00; P=0.05; I2=70%), occluded rate in LAD system (RR=1.03; 95% CI=0.92-1.16; P=0.58; I2=37%), occluded rate in RCA system (RR=1.36; 95% CI=0.72-2.57; P=0.35; I2=95%), in-hospital mortality (RR=1.57; 95% CI=0.92-2.69; P=0.10; I2=0%), and follow-up mortality (RR=0.96; 95% CI=0.36-2.53; P=0.93; I2=0%). Conclusion: No significant differences on clinical data were observed regarding anastomosis patency, occluded rate in LAD system, occluded rate in RCA system, in-hospital mortality, and follow-up mortality, indicating that the patency of individual and the patency of sequential coronary artery bypass are similar to each other.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery improves survival without increasing the risk of stroke in patients with ischemic heart failure in comparison to percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis with 54, 173 patients

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether there is any difference on the results of patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of ischemic heart failure (HF). Methods: Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register [CENTRAL/CCTR], ClinicalTrials.gov, Scientific Electronic Library Online [SciELO], Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde [LILACS], and Google Scholar) were searched for studies published until February 2019. Main outcomes of interest were mortality, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and stroke. Results: The search yielded 5,775 studies for inclusion. Of these, 20 articles were analyzed, and their data were extracted. The total number of patients included was 54,173, and those underwent CABG (N=29,075) or PCI (N=25098). The hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality (HR 0.763; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.678-0.859; P<0.001), myocardial infarction (HR 0.481; 95% CI 0.365-0.633; P<0.001), and repeat revascularization (HR 0.321; 95% CI 0.241-0.428; P<0.001) were lower in the CABG group than in the PCI group. The HR for stroke showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (random effect model: HR 0.879; 95% CI 0.625-1.237; P=0.459). Conclusion: This meta-analysis found that CABG surgery remains the best option for patients with ischemic HF, without increase in the risk of stroke.

Dispositivos de asistencia ventricular como tratamiento de destino. A propósito de un caso / Ventricular assist devices as destination treatment. About a case

Resumen El tratamiento de la falla cardiaca terminal avanzada ha sido el trasplante de corazón, sin embargo, hay limitantes en cuanto a las características del receptor y disponibilidad de donadores, por lo que se ha utilizado alternativamente el soporte ventricular como tratamiento de destino. Se describe a una paciente con falla cardiaca terminal por cardiomiopatía isquémica en quien se implantó exitosamente un sistema de soporte ventricular izquierdo y a ocho meses del procedimiento se encontraba en clase funcional I, sin complicaciones.

Abstract The treatment of refractory terminal heart failure has been heart transplantation. However, there are limitations with regard to clinical conditions of the recipient and availability of donors, and ventricular support has therefore been alternatively used as destination therapy. We describe the case is of a female patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy-associated heart failure who had a left ventricular assist device successfully implanted and at eight months of the procedure was at functional class I, with no complications.

Current practice of state-of-the-art coronary revascularization in patients with heart failure

Abstract The best treatment for patients with ischemic heart failure (HF) is still on debate. There is growing evidence that coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) benefits these patients. The current recommendations for revascularization in this context are that CABG is reasonable when it comes to decreasing morbidity and mortality rates for patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction <35%), and significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and should be considered in patients with operable coronary anatomy, regardless whether or not there is a viable myocardium (class IIb). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) does not have enough data to allow the panels to reach a conclusion. The Korean Acute Heart Failure registry (KorAHF) had its data released recently, showing that patients with acute HF who underwent CABG had lower death rates, more complete revascularization and less adverse outcomes compared with patients treated with PCI. Recent ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization clearly recommended CABG as the first choice of revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease and acceptable surgical risk to improve prognosis in this scenario of left ventricular dysfunction. However, a high peri-procedural risk must be compared with the benefit of late mortality, and pros and cons of each strategy (either PCI or CABG) must be weighed in the decision-making process. Spurred on by the publication of the above-mentioned article and the release of new guidelines, we went on to write an overview of the current practice of state-of-the-art coronary revascularization options in patients with HF.

Early and medium outcomes of on-pump beating-heart versus off-pump cabg in patients with moderate left ventricular dysfunction

Abstract Objective: This study aims to compare the early and medium outcomes of on-pump beating-heart (OPBH) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and off-pump CABG (OPCABG) in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between 30% and 40%. Methods: This is a retrospective study of ischemic heart disease patients with LVEF between 30% and 40% who underwent surgical revascularization from January 2013 to December 2017. Patients were divided into OPBH group (n=44) and OPCABG group (n=68), according to the surgical method. Clinical material with early and medium outcomes were investigated and compared between these groups. Results: The two groups had similar baseline. Two OPBH patients and 3 OPCABG patients died in the hospital, which had no statistical significance (P>0.05). OPBH patients received a greater number of grafts (3.74±0.84) and presented more improved LVEF (45.92±7.11%) than OPCABG patients (3.36±0.80) and (42.81±9.29%), respectively, which had statistical significance (P<0.05). An increased amount of drainage during the first 12 hours was found in the OPBH group (P<0.05). Reoperation for bleeding, duration of mechanic ventilation, and other early outcomes had no statistical significance between the two groups. During the medium-time follow-up, OPBH patients showed significantly lower major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)-free survival time (P=0.049) than OPCABG patients. Conclusion: The OPBH technique was a safe and an acceptable alternative for surgical revascularization in patients with moderate left ventricular dysfunction which provided better mid-term MACE-free survival compared with OPCABG.

Up to 15-Year Survival of Men and Women after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Paid by the Brazilian Public Healthcare System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010 / Sobrevida em até 15 Anos de Homens e Mulheres após Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea Paga pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010

Abstract Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most frequently used invasive therapy for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Studies able to provide information about PCI's effectiveness should be conducted in a population of real-world patients. Objectives: To assess the survival rate of IHD patients treated with PCI in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Methods: Administrative (1999-2010) and death (1999-2014) databases of dwellers aged ≥ 20 years old in the state of RJ submitted to one single PCI paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) between 1999 and 2010 were linked. Patients were grouped as follows: 20-49 years old, 50-69 years old and ≥ 70 years old, and PCI in primary PCI, with stent and without stent placement (bare metal stent). Survival probabilities in 30 days, one year and 15 years were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox hazards regression models were used to compare risks among sex, age groups and types of PCI. Test results with a p-value < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: Data of 19,263 patients (61 ± 11 years old, 63.6% men) were analyzed. Survival rates of men vs. women in 30 days, one year and 15 years were: 97.3% (97.0-97.6%) vs. 97.1% (96.6-97.4%), 93.6% (93.2-94.1%) vs. 93.4% (92.8-94.0%), and 55.7% (54.0-57.4%) vs. 58.1% (55.8-60.3%), respectively. The oldest age group was associated with lower survival rates in all periods. PCI with stent placement had higher survival rates than those without stent placement during a two-year follow-up. After that, both procedures had similar survival rates (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00). Conclusions: In a population of real-world patients, women had a higher survival rate than men within 15 years after PCI. Moreover, using a bare-metal stent failed to improve survival rates after a two-year follow-up compared to simple balloon angioplasty.

Resumo Fundamento: A intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) é o tratamento invasivo mais frequentemente realizado na doença isquêmica do coração (DIC). Estudos capazes de prover informação sobre a sua efetividade são importantes. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida em até 15 anos de pacientes submetidos a ICP no estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ). Métodos: Bases de dados administrativas (1999-2010) e de óbitos (1999-2014) dos residentes com idade ≥ 20 anos do ERJ submetidos a uma única ICP paga pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) entre 1999-2010 foram relacionadas. Os pacientes foram agrupados em 20-49, 50-69 ou ≥ 70 anos, e as ICP em primária (ICP-P), sem stent (ICP-SS) e com stent convencional (ICP-CS). As probabilidades de sobrevida em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram estimadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Modelos de regressão de risco de Cox foram utilizados para comparar riscos entre sexo, faixas etárias e tipos de ICP. Resultados dos testes com um valor de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 19.263 pacientes (61±11 anos, 63,6% homens). A sobrevida de homens vs. mulheres em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram: 97,3% (97,0-97,6%) vs. 97,1% (96,6-97,4%), 93,6% (93,2-94,1%) vs. 93,4% (92,8-94,0%), e 55,7% (54,0-57,4%) vs. 58,1% (55,8-60,3%), respectivamente. Idade ≥ 70 anos foi associada à menor taxa de sobrevida em todos os períodos. A ICP-CS foi associada a uma sobrevida maior do que a ICP-SS até dois anos de acompanhamento, e após este período ambos os procedimentos apresentaram taxas de sobrevida semelhantes (HR 0,91, IC 95% 0,82-1,00). Conclusões: Mulheres apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida em 15 anos após ICP, e o uso de stent convencional não esteve associado a um aumento de sobrevida em longo prazo.

Cirugía de la insuficiencia cardíaca. En qué estamos hoy / Heart failure surgery. What are we doing today

Este capítulo aborda el concepto de cirugía de la insuficiencia cardíaca como aquella diferente al trasplante, realizada en pacientes con disfunción severa del ventrículo izquierdo de alto riesgo. Se hace hincapié en los procedimientos de revascularización miocárdica, miorreducción, remodelación del ventrículo izquierdo y cirugía reconstructora de la válvula mitral. Se analizan los criterios a utilizar para indicar la revascularización, tales como viabilidad, extensión de isquemia y anatomía coronaria y, por otra parte, se describen los posibles beneficios de la misma por sobre el tratamiento médico. Se revisan los resultados de los diferentes registros respecto a la cirugía de remodelación ventricular en los pacientes con grandes cicatrices y áreas disquinéticas. Por último, se describe el papel de la cirugía en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia mitral secundaria a remodelación y disfunción ventricular, con un breve repaso sobre los criterios diagnósticos de la misma, los diferentes procedimientos ya sea de sustitución o reparación según la situación anátomo-funcional y sus ventajas y desventajas.

This chapter addresses the concept of "heart failure surgery" as distinct from transplant, performed in patients with severe high-risk left ventricular dysfunction. Emphasis is placed on myocardial revascularization procedures, myocardial reduction, left ventricle remodeling and mitral valve reconstructive surgery. Indications for coronary artery bypass procedures such as viability, extension of ischemia and coronary anatomy are analyzed and comparison with medical treatment is described. Review of different registers regarding ventricular remodeling surgery in patients with large scars and dyskinetic areas is made. Finally, the role of surgery for the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation due to remodeling and ventricular dysfunction is described. A brief review of the diagnostic criteria, possible replacement or repair according to the anatomical and functional situation along with its advantages and disadvantages is made.

Rehabilitación cardiaca luego de la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica / Cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery

La cardiopatía isquémica representa la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial con un incremento en la incidencia en las poblaciones más jóvenes. Hoy en día existen estrategias de revascularización para el manejo de la isquemia aguda y/o crónica del miocardio. Estas son del tipo percutáneas así como también quirúrgicas. Aunque logremos mejorar la vascularización miocárdica mediante estos métodos, el principal determinante para mantener la permeabilidad coronaria y de los bypass confeccionados es una adecuada prevención secundaria. En esto se centran las propuestas de rehabilitación cardiaca a nivel mundial. Aunque se ha publicado mucho sobre el rol de la rehabilitación cardiaca luego de la revascularización percutánea, existen pocos trabajos capaces de sintetizar la situación actual del la rehabilitación cardiaca en el paciente que recibe cirugía de revascularización coronaria. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar el efecto de la rehabilitación en el retorno laboral, supervivencia, capacidad funcional, depresión y ansiedad, así como comparar la rehabilitación centralizada vs. domiciliaria en esta población de pacientes.

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide with an increase in the incidence in younger populations. Today revascularization strategies are capable of alleviating acute ischemia and/or chronic ischemia. These can be performed percutaneously or through surgery. Even if we improve myocardial perfusion by these methods, the main determinant in maintaining patency of coronary arteries and bypass is a correctly instituted secondary prevention. This is the main focus of cardiac rehabilitation proposals. Although much has been published about the role of cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous revascularization, there is little work able to synthesize the current state of cardiac rehabilitation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The aim of this paper is to review the effect of rehabilitation in the return to work, survival, functional capacity, depression and anxiety, as well as compare centralized vs. home rehabilitation in this patient population.

Spectral Analysis Related to Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting Coronary Stent Implantation / Análise Espectral Relacionada ao Implante de Stent Coronariano Convencional e Farmacológico

Background: The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in cardiovascular regulation; sympathetic activation occurs during myocardial ischemia. Objective: To assess the spectral analysis of heart rate variability during stent implantation, comparing the types of stent. Methods: This study assessed 61 patients (mean age, 64.0 years; 35 men) with ischemic heart disease and indication for stenting. Stent implantation was performed under Holter monitoring to record the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (Fourier transform), measuring the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, and the LF/HF ratio before and during the procedure. Results: Bare-metal stent was implanted in 34 patients, while the others received drug-eluting stents. The right coronary artery was approached in 21 patients, the left anterior descending, in 28, and the circumflex, in 9. As compared with the pre-stenting period, all patients showed an increase in LF and HF during stent implantation (658 versus 185 ms2, p = 0.00; 322 versus 121, p = 0.00, respectively), with no change in LF/HF. During stent implantation, LF was 864 ms2 in patients with bare-metal stents, and 398 ms2 in those with drug-eluting stents (p = 0.00). The spectral analysis of heart rate variability showed no association with diabetes mellitus, family history, clinical presentation, beta-blockers, age, and vessel or its segment. Conclusions: Stent implantation resulted in concomitant sympathetic and vagal activations. Diabetes mellitus, use of beta-blockers, and the vessel approached showed no influence on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Sympathetic activation was lower during the implantation of drug-eluting stents. .

Fundamento: O sistema nervoso autônomo tem papel central na regulação cardiovascular, ocorrendo uma ativação simpática durante a isquemia miocárdica. Objetivo: Avaliar a análise espectral da frequência cardíaca (AE) durante o implante de stent, comparando os tipos de stent. Métodos: Foram estudados 61 pacientes (idade média de 64 anos), 35 homens, com cardiopatia isquêmica e indicação de implante de stent. O implante foi feito sob monitoramento pelo Holter para o registro da AE (transformação de Fourier), com medidas dos componentes LF (baixa frequência), HF (alta frequência) e relação LF/HF, antes e durante o procedimento. Resultados: Implante de stent convencional feito em 34 pacientes; nos demais, farmacológico. A coronária abordada foi a direita em 21 pacientes, a descendente anterior em 28, a circunflexa em nove. Houve aumento do LF e do HF durante o implante em todos os pacientes, comparando-se com o período antes do implante (658 versus 185 ms2, p = 0,00, para LF; 322 versus 121 ms2, p = 0,00, para HF, respectivamente), sem alteração da LF/HF. LF durante o implante foi de 864 ms2 nos pacientes com stent convencional e de 398 com farmacológico (p = 0,00). Não houve associação entre a AE e a presença de diabetes, história familiar, apresentação clínica, uso de betabloqueador (BB), idade, vaso ou seu segmento. Conclusões: O implante de stent resultou em ativação simpática e concomitante ativação vagal. Não houve influência do quadro de diabetes, uso de BB e vaso sobre a AE. Houve menor ativação simpática durante o implante de stent farmacológico. .

evaluation of perioperative safety of local anesthesia with lidocaine containing epinephrine in patients with ischemic heart disease

The use of local anesthesia with lidocaine containing epinephrine in patients with cardiac disease is controversial in the literature. The aim of our study was determining the safety of use the local anesthesia contain epinephrine in patients with ischemic heart disease that undergoing reconstructive surgery. Thirty two patients that had known ischemic heart disease and candidate to undergo reconstructive surgery for skin tumor enrolled in this study. All patients continued their medication for cardiac disease till morning of the operation. 10 ml lidocaine 2% containing 1:100,000 epinephrine was injected in patients for local anesthesia. The hemodynamic changes and electrocardiographic variables before injection were compared with them after injection, during surgery and till 6 hours postoperation period. A 12 lead electrocardiogram was recorded in all our cases for detection of myocardial ischemic changes. The mean age, weight and height were 58.2 +/- 10.4, 74.8 +/- 14.4 kg and 164.5 +/- 8 cm respectively. Twelve patients [37.5%] were diagnosed with systemic hypertension and 10 patients with diabetes [31.2%]. The comparison of change of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure between baseline, during procedure and after operation defined that our subjects did not have any significant disturbance in blood pressure in perioperative period. The comparison of baseline heart rate with heart rate after injection, during procedure and in postoperation period indicated a significant changes in this variable [P=0.044]. The heart rhythm during the perioperative period also failed to exhibit alterations. The ischemic change was not recorded in our patients before injection compared to after injection. None of our patients have any early complications because of infiltration of local anesthetic containing epinephrine in our patients. The use of 10 ml 2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 in patients with cardiac disease represent a safe anesthetic procedure. These patients experienced a more profound anesthesia with hemodynamic stability and without myocardial ischemic changes.

Sistema AngelMed Guardian para o monitoramento ambulatorial de isquemia do miocárdio / AngelMed Guardian System for Ambulatory Monitoring of Myocardial Ischemia

CONTEXTO: A Síndrome Coronária Aguda (SCA) se apresenta sob duas formas clínicas: com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCACSSST), ou infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST), e aquela sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCASSST). A detecção precoce do IAM pode antecipar a instituição das terapias de reperfusão e melhorar o prognóstico do paciente. TRATAMENTO RECOMENDADO: A restauração do fluxo coronariano é o principal objetivo terapêutico no IAMCSST, no qual a trombose coronariana é o principal mecanismo fisiopatológico subjacente, limitando a extensão da necrose miocárdica e reduzindo a mortalidade. Existem duas formas principais de reperfusão coronariana: a química, com agentes trombolíticos, e a mecânica, através da angioplastia primária. A revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica é reservada para casos selecionados, de alto risco, em que não houve sucesso ou há contra-indicações para outro método.As diretrizes existentes definem os padrões de tratamento a partir do diagnóstico de um evento relacionado à Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. A TECNOLOGIA: O Sistema AngelMed Guardian® (sistema de detecção de isquemia miocárdica) é um dispositivo médico implantado, como se fosse um marca-passo, na região peitoral superior esquerda do tórax. O dispositivo analisa os sinais elétricos gerados pelo eletrodo do eletrocardiograma intracardíaco localizado no ápice do ventrículo direito e monitora continuamente o funcionamento elétrico do coração. No caso de uma isquemia aguda, o dispositivo implantado alerta o paciente através de uma vibração e emite sinais de radiofrequência para um dispositivo externo do tamanho de um pager que gerará sinais de alerta auditivos e visuais. O objetivo é permitir ao paciente obter ajuda médica imediata a partir da geração desses alertas. EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: As evidencias científicas atuais se resumem a 2 estudos fase 1. Estes dois estudos foram apresentados em uma publicação(1) que combina os resultados de ambos numa análise de 37 pacientes: o estudo CARDIOSAVER realizado no Brasil (n=20) e o estudo DETECT realizado nos Estados Unidos (n=17). Os demandantes citam também uma série de resumos que foram apresentados em congressos internacionais, no formato de pôsteres, elaborados pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisa binacional referido acima, com o último destes pôsteres publicado em 2012 e envolvendo 76 pacientes(2). Os resultados destes estudos preliminares sugerem que o sistema AngelMed Guardian® é seguro e viável (safety and feasibility) na detecção precoce de eventos isquêmicos com elevação do segmento ST, no entanto, estudos futuros são necessários. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Não existem evidências baseadas em ensaios clínicos randomizados da efetividade do dispositivo Angelmed Guardian® em relação a grupo de pacientes recebendo acompanhamento padrão após o 1º IAM. As evidências até o momento consistem em dois estudos de fase 1 envolvendo 37 pacientes no Brasil e EUA. Estes estudos concluem ser o método seguro e viável na avaliação ambulatorial dos pacientes com IAM prévio e com alto risco de desenvolver novos quadros isquêmicos, mas que estudos futuros são necessários. Com relação às análises de custo-efetividade e impacto orçamentário, estas estão comprometidas pela falta de evidencias que comprovem a eficácia e efetividade clínica do método e o grau desta efetividade. Além disso, muitas das premissas utilizadas no modelo de Markov criado para estabelecer a custo-efetividade do método não apresentam embasamento na literatura científica. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na 21º reunião ordinária, em 5 de dezembro de 2013, deliberaram, por unanimidade, por recomendar a não incorporação do Angelmed Guardian para o monitoramento ambulatorial do infarto agudo do miocárdio. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 77/2013. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 1, de 29 de janeiro de 2014 - Torna pública a decisão de não incorporar o Sistema AngelMed para o monitoramento ambulatorial de isquemia do miocárdio no Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.

La terapia celular en la cardiopatía isquémica / Cell therapy for ischemic heart disease

La cardiopatía isquémica es la principal causa de muerte e insuficiencia cardiaca a nivel mundial. Esto hace de vital importancia el desarrollo de nuevas modalidades terapéuticas, que disminuyan la mortalidad y complicaciones a largo plazo en estos pacientes. Una de las principales líneas de investigación a nivel mundial es la regeneración miocárdica a partir de células progenitoras, con el fin de mejorar la función sistólica y diastólica de los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, además de incrementar su sobrevida. Con bases teóricas y fisiológicas sobre la función de estas células, se han llevado a cabo con gran entusiasmo a nivel mundial, estudios en animales y humanos para tratar de definir la utilidad del empleo de las células madre, en el manejo de los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. En la actualidad, la terapia regenerativa en la cardiopatía isquémica es considerada una herramienta terapéutica novedosa, de beneficios teóricos considerables y pocos efectos adversos. En esta revisión presentamos los fundamentos científicos básicos que apoyan el empleo de esta terapia, la evidencia clínica actual sobre su beneficio. Señalamos los puntos controversiales y las perspectivas sobre su empleo y utilidad a corto y largo plazo.

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and heart failure worldwide. That is why it is important to develop new therapeutic modalities to decrease mortality and long-term complications in these patients. One of the main lines of research worldwide is myocardial regeneration, using progenitor cells in order to improve systolic and diastolic function in patients with ischemic heart disease, as well as to increase their survival. There have been carried out, with great enthusiasm worldwide, human and animal studies to define the usefulness of stem cells in the management of patients with ischemic heart disease. Today, regenerative therapy in ischemic heart disease is considered a novel therapeutic tool, with substantial theoretical benefits and few side effects. Here we present the scientific principles that support the use of this therapy, discuss the current clinical evidence available; and point out the controversial issues still not clarified on its use and usefulness in the short and long term.

Calcium dobesilate may improve hemorheology in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting / Dobesilato de cálcio pode melhorar hemorreologia em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica

BACKGROUND: Calcium dobesilate is an angioprotective agent that has positive effects on hemorheological parameters. It is an antioxidant that increases endothelial-derived vasodilator substance secretion, there are none that analyze its effects during the postoperative period of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the effects of calcium dobesilate on hemorheological parameters, such as reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing myocardial revascularization in the postoperative period. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four patients operated for coronary heart disease were included in this study. Hemorheological, oxidant and antioxidant parameters were measured two days after surgery and after a period of treatment with calcium dobesilate. Then, 500 mg of calcium dobesilate was given twice a day to one group of 68 patients for three months. The control group was composed of 66 patients who did not receive this medication. RESULTS: The increase in the erythrocyte deformability index was found to be significant compared with both the pretreatment values and with the 1st and 2nd values of the control group after calcium dobesilate administration, whereas there were no significant changes in blood viscosity, glutathione (GSH) or malondialdehyde (MDA) values after the calcium dobesilate administration. The same improvement in the CCS class was observed in patients regardless of they received the calcium dobesilate treatment. CONCLUSION: In the present investigation, the same improvement in the CCS class was observed in patients regardless of they received the calcium dobesilate treatment. Improvements with calcium dobesilate were statistically significant only in the increase in erythrocyte flexibility.

ANTECEDENTES: O dobesilato de cálcio é um agente angioprotetor que tem efeitos positivos sobre os parâmetros hemorreológicos. É um antioxidante que aumenta a secreção endotelial derivada da substância vasodilatadora, não há nada que analisar os seus efeitos durante o período pósoperatório de pacientes submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio. OBJETIVO: Nosso objetivo foi determinar os efeitos de dobesilato de cálcio sobre os parâmetros hemorreológicos, tais como glutationa reduzida e malondialdeído em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica submetidos a revascularização do miocárdio no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: Cento e trinta e quatro pacientes operados por doença cardíaca coronária foram incluídos neste estudo. Parâmetros de oxidante, hemorreológicos e de antioxidantes foram medidos dois dias após a cirurgia e após um período de tratamento com o dobesilato de cálcio. Em seguida, 500 mg de dobesilato de cálcio foi administrado duas vezes por dia para um grupo de 68 pacientes durante três meses. O grupo controle foi composto por 66 pacientes que não receberam essa medicação. RESULTADOS: O aumento do índice de deformabilidade dos eritrócitos foi considerado significativo comparado com ambos os valores pré-tratamento e com os 1º e 2º valores do grupo controle após a administração dobesilato de cálcio, enquanto que não houve alterações significativas na viscosidade do sangue, na glutationa (GSH) ou malondialdeído (MDA) após a administração dobesilato de cálcio. A mesma melhoria na classe CCS foi observada em pacientes independentemente de terem recebido tratamento com dobesilato de cálcio. CONCLUSÃO: Na presente investigação, a mesma melhora na classe CCS foi observada em pacientes independentemente de terem recebido o tratamento com dobesilato de cálcio.

Surgery for chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery

Chronic total occlusion of the left main coronary artery [LMCA] is a rare condition, and the information on surgical experiences is limited. Although total occlusion of the LMCA is accompanied by well-developed collateral circulation, the condition of circulation is unstable during manipulation of the heart. We report our experience with revascularization in cases with total occlusion of the LMCA using the on-pump beating-heart [OnP-BH] technique. Retrospective case review of patients treated at The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University over a 10-year period [1999 to 2009]. The on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting with the beating heart was applied to 8 patients with chronic total occlusion of the LMCA. The extracorporeal circulation period, intubation duration, intensive care unit stay period, discharge period, preoperative and postoperative treatments, and follow-up were observed. The mean extracorporeal circulation period was 80.4 [19.7] minutes. The mean intubation duration was 13.0 [4.6] hours. The mean intensive care unit stay period was 3.2 [0.7] days, and the mean discharge period was 16.8 [3.3] days. No perioperative myocardial infarction occurred. The mean follow-up period was 50.9 [34.8] months. All patients were asymptomatic, and no deaths were recorded during the follow-up period. The results of echocardiography showed improvement in the left ventricular function. The OnP-BH myocardial revascularization seems to be a valid alternative for chronic total occlusion of the LMCA

The renewed concept of the Batista operation for ischemic cardiomyopathy: maximum ventricular reduction / O conceito renovado da operação de Batista na cardiomiopatia isquêmica: máxima redução ventricular

OBJECTIVES: The reconstruction of the left ventricle (LV) is effective in the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy with large akinetic or dyskinetic areas. However, late survival outcomes are related to the remnant left ventricular cavity size, thus eliminating intracavitary patch placement provides additional LV reduction. The aim of this study was to analyze the results with left ventricular reconstruction surgery using the concept of maximum ventricular reduction, with systematic patch abolition. METHODS: Seventy-six consecutive patients with ischemic heart disease (age 30-78 years, mean 57.6 ± 10.1), evolving in functional class III and IV underwent surgical ventricular reconstruction with no use of intracavitary patches or Teflon strips for closing the left ventriculotomy. RESULTS: The left ventricular end-systolic diameter decreased from 52.3 ± 5.4 in the preoperative period to 45.2 ± 6.9 mm in the postoperative period. LV ejection fraction increased from 34.2 percent ± 10.4 percent to 45.5 percent ± 9.4 percent. Associated CABG was performed in 75/76 patients with a mean of 2.4 grafts per patient. The 30-day mortality was 3/76 (3.9 percent). At an average follow up of 39 months, the majority of the patients (91.4 percent) remain in functional class I and II. CONCLUSION: The concept of maximizing LV reduction with systematic patchless reconstruction is feasible, safe and effective, the early and late outcomes comparing favorably to previous series reported in the medical literature. Additionally, the concept meets the contemporary pathophysiologic basis of heart failure.

OBJETIVO: A cirurgia de reconstrução do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) é efetiva no tratamento da cardiomiopatia isquêmica com grandes áreas acinéticas ou discinéticas. Entretanto, resultados de sobrevida tardia estão relacionados ao tamanho da cavidade ventricular esquerda remanescente, portanto eliminar retalhos intracavitários pode proporcionar redução adicional do VE. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os resultados com a cirurgia de reconstrução ventricular esquerda utilizando o conceito da máxima redução ventricular, com sistemática eliminação de retalhos. MÉTODOS: Setenta e seis pacientes consecutivos com cardiomiopatia isquêmica (idade 30-78 anos, média 57,6 ± 10,1), evoluindo em classe funcional III e IV foram submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução ventricular direta sem utilização de retalhos intracavitários ou materiais protéticos. RESULTADOS: O diâmetro sistólico final do VE diminuiu de 52,3 ± 5,4 no pré-operatório para 45,2 ± 6,9 mm no pós-operatório. A fração de ejeção aumentou de 34,2 por cento ± 10,4 por cento para 45,5 por cento ± 9,4 por cento. Revascularização miocárdica associada foi realizada em 75/76 pacientes, com média de 2,4 enxertos/paciente. Mortalidade em 30 dias foi 3/76 (3,9 por cento). No acompanhamento médio de 39 meses, a maioria dos pacientes (91,4 por cento) permanece em CF I ou II. CONCLUSÃO: O conceito de maximizar a redução do VE com a reconstrução sistemática sem uso de retalhos mostrou-se viável, segura e eficaz, com os resultados precoces e tardios comparando favoravelmente às séries relatadas na literatura médica. Além disso, o conceito harmoniza-se à base fisiopatológica contemporânea da insuficiência cardíaca.

Influencia de algunos factores de riesgo cardiovasculares sobre los eventos clínicos adversos más frecuentes, en pacientes revascularizados con circulación extracorpórea / Influences of some cardiovascular risk factors on the more frequent adverse clinical events in revascularization patients with extracorporeal circulation

Objetivo: determinar cómo influyen diferentes factores de riesgo, sobre los eventos clínicos adversos más frecuentes en el posoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes tratados con cirugía de revascularización miocárdica con circulación extracorpórea. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo en 60 pacientes del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, durante el período 2008-2009. Resultados: se observó, un predominio de pacientes dislipidémicos (90 por ciento) e hipertensos (86,7 por ciento). Los pacientes con manifestación de eventos clínicos adversos demostraron una estrecha asociación con la dislipidemia (p< 0,01), una disminución significativa de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (p< 0,05), un aumento significativo de los tiempos de circulación extracorpórea (p< 0,01), y paro isquémico (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: la dislipidemia basal, la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo deprimida y la prolongación del proceder quirúrgico, fueron los factores de riesgo más significativos para el desarrollo de eventos clínicos adversos, en el posoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes revascularizados(AU)

Objective: to determine how different risk factors influence on the more frequent adverse clinical events during the immediate postoperative period of patients operated on myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal and observational study was conducted in 60 patients from the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery for 2008-2009. Results: there was predominance of dyslipemia patients (90 percent) and hypertensive patients (86.7 percent). Patients with manifestation of adverse clinical events showed a close association with dyslipemia (p< 0.01), a significant decrease of ejection fraction of left ventricle (p< 0.05), a significant increase of extracorporeal circulation times (p < 0.01) and ischemic arrest (p< 0.05). Conclusions: the basal dyslipemia, the depressed left ventricle ejection and the length of surgical procedure, were the more significant risk factors for development of adverse clinical events during the immediate postoperative period of revascularization patients(AU)

Efficacy of aneurysmectomy in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction: favorable short-and long-term results in ischemic cardiomyopathy

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to (1) identify the functional results after aneurysm surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and (2) identify predictors of favorable outcomes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Patients (n = 169) with angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction of 22±5 percent underwent aneurysm surgery and were prospectively followed for three years. Prior to surgery, 40 percent and 60 percent of the patients were in congestive heart failure NYHA class I/II and III/IV, respectively. Concomitant revascularization was performed on 95 percent of the patients. RESULTS: Cumulative in-hospital and 36-month mortalities were 7 percent and 15 percent, respectively. These respective rates varied according to preoperative parameters: CHF class I-II, 4 percent and 13 percent; CHF class III-IV, 8 percent and 16 percent; LVEF,20 percent, 12 percent and 26 percent; LVEF 21-30 percent, 2 percent and 6 percent; gated LVEF exercise/rest .5 percent, ,1 percent and 4 percent; and gated LVEF exercise/rest #5 percent, 17 percent and 38 percent. Higher LVEF ex/rest ratio (p = 0.01), male sex (p = 0.05), and a higher number of grafts (p = 0.01) were predictive of improvement in CHF class at follow-up based on the results of a multivariate analysis. After three years of follow-up, 84 percent of the patients were in class I/II, LVEF was 45±7 percent, and gated LVEF ex/rest ratio was 13 percent higher (p,0.01) compared to the beginning of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that aneurysmectomy among patients with severe LV dysfunction result in shortand long-term favorable functional outcome and survival. Selection of appropriate surgical candidates may substantially improve survival rates among these patients.